Special Category Data (also known as sensitive personal data) refers to information that is particularly sensitive in nature and therefore requires enhanced protection under the UK GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018. Examples include:
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Racial or ethnic origin
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Political opinions
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Religious or philosophical beliefs
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Trade union membership
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Genetic or biometric data used for identification
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Health information
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Sexual orientation or sex life
Processing such data generally requires explicit consent or must meet specific legal conditions, such as being necessary for employment, healthcare, or public interest purposes. Mishandling this category of data can lead to serious breaches of privacy and significant legal penalties.
Public-sector organisations, especially within health and social care, must implement rigorous controls, staff training, and technical safeguards when managing Special Category Data.
